Industry 4.0: The hard reality in business to business
Industry 4.0 is impacting companies at many different levels. New technology, robots and communications are taking manufacturing through a full restructuring process. Today, many of the promises that Industry 4.0 – also referred to as the industrial internet – may still sound unrealistic and distant. Executives and business consultants talk about its potential as something that is about to happen. But has it really started? Indeed, Industry 4.0 is no longer the future. Some organizations are already transforming their processes to adapt to the new digital reality that the industrial internet is bringing with it. The process may not always be painless but it offers countless benefits that make it worthwhile. This technical note provides a compilation of leading-edge initiatives that may show us the path forward.
To understand how Industry 4.0 is transforming organizations. The note identifies four main drivers of what is also called the fourth industrial revolution (Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence, Robotics and 3D printing) and uses real examples of business-to –business companies to illustrate what is already happening.
Business Management Services, Business Services
Cranfield University
Wharley End Beds MK43 0JR, UK
Tel +44 (0)1234 750903
Email [email protected]
Harvard Business School Publishing
60 Harvard Way, Boston MA 02163, USA
Tel (800) 545-7685 Tel (617)-783-7600
Fax (617) 783-7666
Email [email protected]
NUCB Business School
1-3-1 Nishiki Naka
Nagoya Aichi, Japan 460-0003
Tel +81 52 20 38 111
Email [email protected]
IMD retains all proprietary interests in its case studies and notes. Without prior written permission, IMD cases and notes may not be reproduced, used, translated, included in books or other publications, distributed in any form or by any means, stored in a database or in other retrieval systems. For additional copyright information related to case studies, please contact Case Services.
Research Information & Knowledge Hub for additional information on IMD publications
The case traces the evolution of SF Technology (SF Tech), the technology subsidiary of S.F. Holding (SF), China's largest integrated logistics service provider. Founded in 2009 to support SF's operations, SF Tech became the core driver of the grou...
In 2018 two global giants set out to harness artificial intelligence to reshape the way they designed and brought products to market. General Motors applied generative-design software using Autodesk’s Fusion 360 to reimagine a humble but critical ...
For the past couple of years, the AI race has been framed as a contest between large language model builders, with OpenAI commanding a huge early lead over rivals like Google and Anthropic. But that framing is starting to look outdated. That shift...
When everyone digs for gold, sell shovels. This old maxim captures the same logic as today’s artificial intelligence boom: the profits are flowing to those supplying the chips and infrastructure, not to the loss-making labs building the models. Nv...
Despite the enthusiasm around generative AI, many projects fall short of expectations and fail to deliver business value. In July, Gartner predicted that by the end of 2025, 30% of GenAI initiatives will have been abandoned after proof of concept....
AI systems are starting to speak the language of emotion, capable of recognizing and responding to different types of emotions. However, these systems do not truly “feel” emotions, they merely simulate emotional understanding by processing data pa...
Research Information & Knowledge Hub for additional information on IMD publications
in Harvard Business Review January-February 2026, vol. 104, issue 1, pp. 106-115
Research Information & Knowledge Hub for additional information on IMD publications
Research Information & Knowledge Hub for additional information on IMD publications
Research Information & Knowledge Hub for additional information on IMD publications
Research Information & Knowledge Hub for additional information on IMD publications
Research Information & Knowledge Hub for additional information on IMD publications
Research Information & Knowledge Hub for additional information on IMD publications
Research Information & Knowledge Hub for additional information on IMD publications
in Forbes.com 8 December 2025
Research Information & Knowledge Hub for additional information on IMD publications
Research Information & Knowledge Hub for additional information on IMD publications