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Industrial policy since the great financial crisis

This paper extends the New Industrial Policy Observatory (NIPO) dataset from 2009 to 2023 by employing large language model techniques to identify policy motivations. We document widespread industrial policy adoption across advanced and emerging market economies since the Great Financial Crisis, which was implemented primarily through subsidies …

Economics
By Simon J. Evenett, Adam Jakubik, Jaden Kim, Fernando Martín Espejo and et al.
International Monetary Fund working paper 2025
Industrial policy since the great financial crisis
By Simon J. Evenett Adam Jakubik Jaden Kim Fernando Martín Espejo and et al.
International Monetary Fund working paper 2025
Summary
This paper extends the New Industrial Policy Observatory (NIPO) dataset from 2009 to 2023 by employing large language model techniques to identify policy motivations. We document widespread industrial policy adoption across advanced and emerging market economies since the Great Financial Crisis, which was implemented primarily through subsidies …
Copyright ©2025
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Available Languages English
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Research Information & Knowledge Hub for additional information on IMD publications

Report
Assessing risk: A toolkit for measuring regional supply‑chain exposure to global shocks

This paper develops a new toolkit for analysing how global shocks affect the geographical and functional distribution of global value chains (GVCs) at the subnational level. Using the toolkit, which we call the shocks approach to indicator design, we derive a family of GVC indicators that distinguish between import and export‑side GVC exposure, …

Geopolitics Economics Supply Chain
By Richard Baldwin, Rebecca Freeman and Angelos Theodorakopoulos
Staff Working Paper No. 1,159, Bank of England, November 2025
Assessing risk: A toolkit for measuring regional supply‑chain exposure to global shocks
By Richard Baldwin Rebecca Freeman and Angelos Theodorakopoulos
Staff Working Paper No. 1,159, Bank of England, November 2025
Summary
This paper develops a new toolkit for analysing how global shocks affect the geographical and functional distribution of global value chains (GVCs) at the subnational level. Using the toolkit, which we call the shocks approach to indicator design, we derive a family of GVC indicators that distinguish between import and export‑side GVC exposure, …
Copyright ©2025
Copyright owner External Copyright
Available Languages English
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IMD World Digital Competitiveness Ranking 2024: Reconfiguring digital strategies amid trade fragmentation

Switzerland leads 69 nations in digital competitiveness – but its position is threatened by trade fragmentation Today’s trade fragmentation means countries and regions are in a race against time to find new strategic advantages in the digital sphere, says IMD’s 2025 Digital Competitiveness Ranking. Switzerland, the US, and Singapore are the mo…

Competitiveness Technology Management Digital
By Arturo Bris, William Milner, José Caballero, Fabian Grimm, Chinar Sharma and Alice Tozer
IMD World Competitiveness Center Report, November 2025
IMD World Digital Competitiveness Ranking 2024: Reconfiguring digital strategies amid trade fragmentation
By Arturo Bris William Milner José Caballero Fabian Grimm Chinar Sharma and Alice Tozer
IMD World Competitiveness Center Report, November 2025
Summary
Switzerland leads 69 nations in digital competitiveness – but its position is threatened by trade fragmentation Today’s trade fragmentation means countries and regions are in a race against time to find new strategic advantages in the digital sphere, says IMD’s 2025 Digital Competitiveness Ranking. Switzerland, the US, and Singapore are the mo…
Copyright ©2025
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Available Languages English
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Report
Can trading partners still hedge? U.S. poison pills and the limits of dual engagement

The United States has incorporated restrictive third-country provisions—informally referred to as “poison pills”—in three trade instruments: the 2018 United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), and very recently the 2025 United States-Malaysia Agreement on Reciprocal Trade (ART), and the 2025 United States-Cambodia ART. These provisions allow…

Geopolitics Economics
By Simon J. Evenett
Global Trade Alert, Zeitgeist Series Briefing no. 77, 31 October 2025
Can trading partners still hedge? U.S. poison pills and the limits of dual engagement
By Simon J. Evenett
Global Trade Alert, Zeitgeist Series Briefing no. 77, 31 October 2025
Summary
The United States has incorporated restrictive third-country provisions—informally referred to as “poison pills”—in three trade instruments: the 2018 United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), and very recently the 2025 United States-Malaysia Agreement on Reciprocal Trade (ART), and the 2025 United States-Cambodia ART. These provisions allow…
Copyright ©2025
Copyright owner External Copyright
Available Languages English
Contact

Research Information & Knowledge Hub for additional information on IMD publications

Report
One by one: Bringing ASEAN trading nations into Washington’s orbit

Ahead of the 2025 ASEAN Leaders Summit in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, four texts were released by the White House relating to trade, investment, and security matters. The full text of two trade accords were released for Cambodia and Malaysia. Progress reports on talks with Thailand and Vietnam were released. What follows are reflections on the texts…

Economics Geopolitics
By Simon J. Evenett
Global Trade Alert, Zeitgeist Series Briefing no. 75, 27 October 2025
One by one: Bringing ASEAN trading nations into Washington’s orbit
By Simon J. Evenett
Global Trade Alert, Zeitgeist Series Briefing no. 75, 27 October 2025
Summary
Ahead of the 2025 ASEAN Leaders Summit in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, four texts were released by the White House relating to trade, investment, and security matters. The full text of two trade accords were released for Cambodia and Malaysia. Progress reports on talks with Thailand and Vietnam were released. What follows are reflections on the texts…
Copyright ©2025
Copyright owner External Copyright
Available Languages English
Contact

Research Information & Knowledge Hub for additional information on IMD publications

Report
The august 2025 US-EU trade framework: The epitome of a binding-free trade understanding

Yesterday’s document amounts to little more than an update on the price the EU is prepared to pay to retain some access to the United States’ market and the plan of action—such as it is—going forward. To paraphrase Churchill, this represents the end of the beginning–not the beginning of the end. As this is not a binding accord, risk premia will…

Geopolitics Economics
By Simon J. Evenett
Global Trade Alert, Zeitgeist Series Briefing no. 72, 22 August 2025
The august 2025 US-EU trade framework: The epitome of a binding-free trade understanding
By Simon J. Evenett
Global Trade Alert, Zeitgeist Series Briefing no. 72, 22 August 2025
Summary
Yesterday’s document amounts to little more than an update on the price the EU is prepared to pay to retain some access to the United States’ market and the plan of action—such as it is—going forward. To paraphrase Churchill, this represents the end of the beginning–not the beginning of the end. As this is not a binding accord, risk premia will…
Copyright ©2025
Copyright owner External Copyright
Available Languages English
Contact

Research Information & Knowledge Hub for additional information on IMD publications