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    South Korea

    The Hinrich-IMD Sustainable Trade Index 2022

    South Korea

    The Hinrich-IMD Sustainable Trade Index 2022

    Overall
    Rank
    Out of 30
    08
    Score
    (0-100)
    75,4
    Pillars
    Rank
    Pillars
    Score
    03
    Economic
    83,9
    08
    Societal
    73,7
    16
    Environmental
    60,8
    Background information
    Population,
    millions
    51,68
    Large
    Wealth,
    GDP per Capita US$
    34.875
    High
    Membership
    APEC, RCEP
    Indicator
    Rank
    1.01. Consumer price inflation
    12
    Value:
    2,50
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    69,9
    1.02. Real GDP Growth per capita, % GDP
    14
    Value:
    4,22
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    90,7
    1.03. Growth in labor force, %
    20
    Value:
    0,46
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    16,5
    1.04. Foreign direct investment, net inflows, % GDP
    26
    Value:
    0,56
    Year:
    2020
    Score:
    11,6
    1.05. Gross fixed capital formation, % GDP
    04
    Value:
    31,11
    Year:
    2020
    Score:
    72,6
    1.06. Tariff & non-tariff barriers
    14
    Value:
    0,00
    Year:
    –
    Score:
    52,1
    1.06.01. Tariff barriers
    15
    Value:
    0,00
    Year:
    –
    Score:
    62,9
    1.06.01.a. Tariff barriers in force
    12
    Value:
    294,00
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    33,2
    1.06.01.b. New tariff barriers 2021
    01
    Value:
    0,00
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    100,0
    1.06.01.c. Percentage of trade affected by tariff barrier (up to 2018)
    17
    Value:
    17,04
    Year:
    2018
    Score:
    67,2
    1.06.02. Non-tariff barriers
    17
    Value:
    0,00
    Year:
    –
    Score:
    49,4
    1.06.02.a. Non-tariff barriers in force
    18
    Value:
    1,253,00
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    37,1
    1.06.02.b. New non-tariff barriers 2021
    11
    Value:
    15,00
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    68,3
    1.06.02.c. Percentage of trade affected by non-tariff barrier (up to 2018)
    12
    Value:
    50,79
    Year:
    2018
    Score:
    42,6
    1.07. Trade liberalization
    09
    Value:
    0,00
    Year:
    –
    Score:
    68,1
    1.07.01. Regional Trade Agreements, number in force
    06
    Value:
    20,00
    Year:
    2022
    Score:
    45,5
    1.07.02. Capital account liberalization, Index
    01
    Value:
    2,32
    Year:
    2019
    Score:
    100,0
    1.07.03. Investment Freedom, Index
    13
    Value:
    60,00
    Year:
    2022
    Score:
    61,5
    1.08. Exchange rate stability, parity change from national currency to SDR, 2020/2018
    01
    Value:
    0,01
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    100,0
    1.09. Domestic credit to private sector, % of GDP
    05
    Value:
    164,78
    Year:
    2020
    Score:
    61,2
    1.10. Foreign trade and payments risk
    06
    Value:
    0,00
    Year:
    –
    Score:
    83,0
    1.10.01. Country credit rating
    08
    Value:
    70,00
    Year:
    2022
    Score:
    89,4
    1.10.02. Gross debt, % GDP
    13
    Value:
    49,77
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    81,6
    1.11. Trade costs
    10
    Value:
    0,00
    Year:
    –
    Score:
    74,1
    1.11.01. Logistics performance, index
    09
    Value:
    3,61
    Year:
    2018
    Score:
    77,4
    1.11.02. Corruption perceptions, index
    11
    Value:
    62,00
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    60,0
    1.11.03. Rule of law, index
    10
    Value:
    84,62
    Year:
    2020
    Score:
    83,7
    1.12. Monetary policy intervention
    20
    Value:
    0,00
    Year:
    –
    Score:
    30,6
    1.12.01. Current account balance, % GDP
    24
    Value:
    4,91
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    35,2
    1.12.02. Total reserves (includes gold)1 year change, % GDP
    10
    Value:
    -1,31
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    48,0
    1.13. Export concentration
    14
    Value:
    0,00
    Year:
    –
    Score:
    52,6
    1.13.01. Export market concentration, Top 5 as % total
    17
    Value:
    60,71
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    55,8
    1.13.02. Export product concentration, Top 5 as % total
    15
    Value:
    61,34
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    58,0
    1.14. Exports of goods and services
    07
    Value:
    0,00
    Year:
    –
    Score:
    45,6
    1.14.01. Merchandise exports, US$
    05
    Value:
    644,400,00
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    69,6
    1.14.02. Commercial services exports, US$
    07
    Value:
    120,420,00
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    16,1
    1.15. Technological innovation
    01
    Value:
    0,00
    Year:
    –
    Score:
    100,0
    1.15.01. R&D expenditure, % GDP
    01
    Value:
    4,81
    Year:
    2020
    Score:
    100,0
    1.15.02. Researchers in R&D, per capita
    01
    Value:
    8,71
    Year:
    2020
    Score:
    100,0
    1.15.03. Patent applications, per million inhabitants
    01
    Value:
    5,033,00
    Year:
    2020
    Score:
    100,0
    1.15.04. High-technology exports, % of manufactured exports
    06
    Value:
    35,71
    Year:
    2020
    Score:
    50,4
    1.15.05. Scientific articles, per million people
    07
    Value:
    1,399,94
    Year:
    2020
    Score:
    59,0
    1.16. Technological infrastructure
    02
    Value:
    0,00
    Year:
    –
    Score:
    85,3
    1.16.01. Fixed internet speed, Mbps
    04
    Value:
    145,11
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    74,9
    1.16.02. Internet users, % population
    02
    Value:
    96,51
    Year:
    2020
    Score:
    99,5
    1.16.03. Fixed broadband subscriptions
    01
    Value:
    43,55
    Year:
    2020
    Score:
    100,0
    1.16.04. Mobile subscriptions (per 100 people)
    09
    Value:
    137,54
    Year:
    2020
    Score:
    36,8
    Rank
    Value
    Year
    Score
    1.01
    Consumer price inflation
    12
    2,50
    2021
    69,9
    1.02
    Real GDP Growth per capita, % GDP
    14
    4,22
    2021
    90,7
    1.03
    Growth in labor force, %
    20
    0,46
    2021
    16,5
    1.04
    Foreign direct investment, net inflows, % GDP
    26
    0,56
    2020
    11,6
    1.05
    Gross fixed capital formation, % GDP
    04
    31,11
    2020
    72,6
    1.06
    Tariff & non-tariff barriers
    14
    0,00
    –
    52,1
    1.06.01
    Tariff barriers
    15
    0,00
    –
    62,9
    1.06.01.a
    Tariff barriers in force
    12
    294,00
    2021
    33,2
    1.06.01.b
    New tariff barriers 2021
    01
    0,00
    2021
    100,0
    1.06.01.c
    Percentage of trade affected by tariff barrier (up to 2018)
    17
    17,04
    2018
    67,2
    1.06.02
    Non-tariff barriers
    17
    0,00
    –
    49,4
    1.06.02.a
    Non-tariff barriers in force
    18
    1,253,00
    2021
    37,1
    1.06.02.b
    New non-tariff barriers 2021
    11
    15,00
    2021
    68,3
    1.06.02.c
    Percentage of trade affected by non-tariff barrier (up to 2018)
    12
    50,79
    2018
    42,6
    1.07
    Trade liberalization
    09
    0,00
    –
    68,1
    1.07.01
    Regional Trade Agreements, number in force
    06
    20,00
    2022
    45,5
    1.07.02
    Capital account liberalization, Index
    01
    2,32
    2019
    100,0
    1.07.03
    Investment Freedom, Index
    13
    60,00
    2022
    61,5
    1.08
    Exchange rate stability, parity change from national currency to SDR, 2020/2018
    01
    0,01
    2021
    100,0
    1.09
    Domestic credit to private sector, % of GDP
    05
    164,78
    2020
    61,2
    1.10
    Foreign trade and payments risk
    06
    0,00
    –
    83,0
    1.10.01
    Country credit rating
    08
    70,00
    2022
    89,4
    1.10.02
    Gross debt, % GDP
    13
    49,77
    2021
    81,6
    1.11
    Trade costs
    10
    0,00
    –
    74,1
    1.11.01
    Logistics performance, index
    09
    3,61
    2018
    77,4
    1.11.02
    Corruption perceptions, index
    11
    62,00
    2021
    60,0
    1.11.03
    Rule of law, index
    10
    84,62
    2020
    83,7
    1.12
    Monetary policy intervention
    20
    0,00
    –
    30,6
    1.12.01
    Current account balance, % GDP
    24
    4,91
    2021
    35,2
    1.12.02
    Total reserves (includes gold)1 year change, % GDP
    10
    -1,31
    2021
    48,0
    1.13
    Export concentration
    14
    0,00
    –
    52,6
    1.13.01
    Export market concentration, Top 5 as % total
    17
    60,71
    2021
    55,8
    1.13.02
    Export product concentration, Top 5 as % total
    15
    61,34
    2021
    58,0
    1.14
    Exports of goods and services
    07
    0,00
    –
    45,6
    1.14.01
    Merchandise exports, US$
    05
    644,400,00
    2021
    69,6
    1.14.02
    Commercial services exports, US$
    07
    120,420,00
    2021
    16,1
    1.15
    Technological innovation
    01
    0,00
    –
    100,0
    1.15.01
    R&D expenditure, % GDP
    01
    4,81
    2020
    100,0
    1.15.02
    Researchers in R&D, per capita
    01
    8,71
    2020
    100,0
    1.15.03
    Patent applications, per million inhabitants
    01
    5,033,00
    2020
    100,0
    1.15.04
    High-technology exports, % of manufactured exports
    06
    35,71
    2020
    50,4
    1.15.05
    Scientific articles, per million people
    07
    1,399,94
    2020
    59,0
    1.16
    Technological infrastructure
    02
    0,00
    –
    85,3
    1.16.01
    Fixed internet speed, Mbps
    04
    145,11
    2021
    74,9
    1.16.02
    Internet users, % population
    02
    96,51
    2020
    99,5
    1.16.03
    Fixed broadband subscriptions
    01
    43,55
    2020
    100,0
    1.16.04
    Mobile subscriptions (per 100 people)
    09
    137,54
    2020
    36,8
    Indicator
    Rank
    2.01. Inequality (Gini coefficient)
    00
    Value:
    0,00
    Year:
    –
    Score:
    0,0
    2.02. Educational attainment
    05
    Value:
    0,00
    Year:
    –
    Score:
    67,3
    2.02.01. Mean years of schooling
    09
    Value:
    12,21
    Year:
    2019
    Score:
    86,3
    2.02.02. University education Index
    11
    Value:
    17,59
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    13,7
    2.02.03. Tertiary enrollment
    02
    Value:
    98,45
    Year:
    2019
    Score:
    84,6
    2.03. Labor standards
    07
    Value:
    0,00
    Year:
    –
    Score:
    91,2
    2.03.01. Gender non-discrimination in hiring
    01
    Value:
    100,00
    Year:
    2022
    Score:
    100,0
    2.03.02. Freedom of association and assembly
    07
    Value:
    0,74
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    82,5
    2.04. Political stability and absence of violence
    09
    Value:
    62,74
    Year:
    2020
    Score:
    62,2
    2.05. Goods produced by forced labor or child labor
    09
    Value:
    0,00
    Year:
    –
    Score:
    95,5
    2.05.01. Goods produced by forced labor
    09
    Value:
    0,00
    Year:
    –
    Score:
    92,9
    2.05.01.a. Goods produced by forced labor, number of goods categories
    01
    Value:
    0,00
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    100,0
    2.05.01.b. % population in forced labor
    09
    Value:
    1,95
    Year:
    2018
    Score:
    89,9
    2.05.02. Goods produced by child labor, number of goods categories
    01
    Value:
    0,00
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    100,0
    2.06. Government response to human trafficking
    24
    Value:
    0,00
    Year:
    –
    Score:
    18,6
    2.06.01. Government response to human trafficking, Criminalization
    26
    Value:
    3,00
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    20,0
    2.06.02. Government response to human trafficking, Strategy
    24
    Value:
    27,62
    Year:
    2018
    Score:
    17,0
    2.06.03. Government response to human trafficking, Action
    09
    Value:
    2,00
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    66,7
    2.07. Trade in goods at risk of modern slavery
    23
    Value:
    0,00
    Year:
    –
    Score:
    27,4
    2.07.01. Imports of goods at risk of modern slavery, US$ millions
    24
    Value:
    15,327,53
    Year:
    2020
    Score:
    18,6
    2.07.02. Exports of goods at risk of modern slavery, US$ millions
    18
    Value:
    941,86
    Year:
    2020
    Score:
    47,8
    2.08. Social mobility, Index
    07
    Value:
    71,40
    Year:
    2020
    Score:
    88,1
    2.09. Life expectancy at birth
    04
    Value:
    83,70
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    91,0
    Rank
    Value
    Year
    Score
    2.01
    Inequality (Gini coefficient)
    00
    0,00
    –
    0,0
    2.02
    Educational attainment
    05
    0,00
    –
    67,3
    2.02.01
    Mean years of schooling
    09
    12,21
    2019
    86,3
    2.02.02
    University education Index
    11
    17,59
    2021
    13,7
    2.02.03
    Tertiary enrollment
    02
    98,45
    2019
    84,6
    2.03
    Labor standards
    07
    0,00
    –
    91,2
    2.03.01
    Gender non-discrimination in hiring
    01
    100,00
    2022
    100,0
    2.03.02
    Freedom of association and assembly
    07
    0,74
    2021
    82,5
    2.04
    Political stability and absence of violence
    09
    62,74
    2020
    62,2
    2.05
    Goods produced by forced labor or child labor
    09
    0,00
    –
    95,5
    2.05.01
    Goods produced by forced labor
    09
    0,00
    –
    92,9
    2.05.01.a
    Goods produced by forced labor, number of goods categories
    01
    0,00
    2021
    100,0
    2.05.01.b
    % population in forced labor
    09
    1,95
    2018
    89,9
    2.05.02
    Goods produced by child labor, number of goods categories
    01
    0,00
    2021
    100,0
    2.06
    Government response to human trafficking
    24
    0,00
    –
    18,6
    2.06.01
    Government response to human trafficking, Criminalization
    26
    3,00
    2021
    20,0
    2.06.02
    Government response to human trafficking, Strategy
    24
    27,62
    2018
    17,0
    2.06.03
    Government response to human trafficking, Action
    09
    2,00
    2021
    66,7
    2.07
    Trade in goods at risk of modern slavery
    23
    0,00
    –
    27,4
    2.07.01
    Imports of goods at risk of modern slavery, US$ millions
    24
    15,327,53
    2020
    18,6
    2.07.02
    Exports of goods at risk of modern slavery, US$ millions
    18
    941,86
    2020
    47,8
    2.08
    Social mobility, Index
    07
    71,40
    2020
    88,1
    2.09
    Life expectancy at birth
    04
    83,70
    2021
    91,0
    Indicator
    Rank
    3.01. Air pollution
    24
    Value:
    27,45
    Year:
    2019
    Score:
    72,3
    3.02. Deforestation
    19
    Value:
    0,00
    Year:
    2020
    Score:
    17,4
    3.03. % of wastewater treated
    02
    Value:
    99,53
    Year:
    2020
    Score:
    99,5
    3.04. Energy intensity
    13
    Value:
    110,17
    Year:
    2019
    Score:
    69,2
    3.05. Ecological footprint
    25
    Value:
    6,32
    Year:
    2018
    Score:
    24,6
    3.06. Renewable energy
    25
    Value:
    2,00
    Year:
    2019
    Score:
    3,4
    3.07. Environmental standards in trade
    17
    Value:
    0,00
    Year:
    –
    Score:
    50,0
    3.07.01. Convention: Hazardous Wastes
    01
    Value:
    2,00
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    100,0
    3.07.02. Convention: Prevention of Marine Pollution
    01
    Value:
    2,00
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    100,0
    3.07.03. Convention: Protection of the Ozone Layer (Vienna)
    01
    Value:
    2,00
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    100,0
    3.07.04. Convention on Climate Change (Kyoto)
    01
    Value:
    2,00
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    100,0
    3.07.05. The International Timber Agreement
    20
    Value:
    0,00
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    0,0
    3.07.06. Convention: International Trade in Endangered Species
    23
    Value:
    0,00
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    0,0
    3.07.07. Convention: Prior Informed Consent – Hazardous Chemicals (Rotterdam)
    01
    Value:
    2,00
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    100,0
    3.08. Transfer emissions
    06
    Value:
    -13,48
    Year:
    2019
    Score:
    24,9
    3.09. Share of natural resources in trade
    13
    Value:
    7,45
    Year:
    2020
    Score:
    82,9
    3.10. Carbon
    09
    Value:
    0,00
    Year:
    –
    Score:
    70,3
    3.10.1. Carbon pricing
    01
    Value:
    2,00
    Year:
    2022
    Score:
    100,0
    3.10.2. CO2 emissions per capita
    26
    Value:
    12,70
    Year:
    2019
    Score:
    27,2
    Rank
    Value
    Year
    Score
    3.01
    Air pollution
    24
    27,45
    2019
    72,3
    3.02
    Deforestation
    19
    0,00
    2020
    17,4
    3.03
    % of wastewater treated
    02
    99,53
    2020
    99,5
    3.04
    Energy intensity
    13
    110,17
    2019
    69,2
    3.05
    Ecological footprint
    25
    6,32
    2018
    24,6
    3.06
    Renewable energy
    25
    2,00
    2019
    3,4
    3.07
    Environmental standards in trade
    17
    0,00
    –
    50,0
    3.07.01
    Convention: Hazardous Wastes
    01
    2,00
    2021
    100,0
    3.07.02
    Convention: Prevention of Marine Pollution
    01
    2,00
    2021
    100,0
    3.07.03
    Convention: Protection of the Ozone Layer (Vienna)
    01
    2,00
    2021
    100,0
    3.07.04
    Convention on Climate Change (Kyoto)
    01
    2,00
    2021
    100,0
    3.07.05
    The International Timber Agreement
    20
    0,00
    2021
    0,0
    3.07.06
    Convention: International Trade in Endangered Species
    23
    0,00
    2021
    0,0
    3.07.07
    Convention: Prior Informed Consent – Hazardous Chemicals (Rotterdam)
    01
    2,00
    2021
    100,0
    3.08
    Transfer emissions
    06
    -13,48
    2019
    24,9
    3.09
    Share of natural resources in trade
    13
    7,45
    2020
    82,9
    3.10
    Carbon
    09
    0,00
    –
    70,3
    3.10.1
    Carbon pricing
    01
    2,00
    2022
    100,0
    3.10.2
    CO2 emissions per capita
    26
    12,70
    2019
    27,2
    Indicator
    Rank
    1.01. Consumer price inflation
    12
    Value:
    2,50
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    69,9
    1.02. Real GDP Growth per capita, % GDP
    14
    Value:
    4,22
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    90,7
    1.03. Growth in labor force, %
    20
    Value:
    0,46
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    16,5
    1.04. Foreign direct investment, net inflows, % GDP
    26
    Value:
    0,56
    Year:
    2020
    Score:
    11,6
    1.05. Gross fixed capital formation, % GDP
    04
    Value:
    31,11
    Year:
    2020
    Score:
    72,6
    1.06. Tariff & non-tariff barriers
    14
    Value:
    0,00
    Year:
    –
    Score:
    52,1
    1.06.01. Tariff barriers
    15
    Value:
    0,00
    Year:
    –
    Score:
    62,9
    1.06.01.a. Tariff barriers in force
    12
    Value:
    294,00
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    33,2
    1.06.01.b. New tariff barriers 2021
    01
    Value:
    0,00
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    100,0
    1.06.01.c. Percentage of trade affected by tariff barrier (up to 2018)
    17
    Value:
    17,04
    Year:
    2018
    Score:
    67,2
    1.06.02. Non-tariff barriers
    17
    Value:
    0,00
    Year:
    –
    Score:
    49,4
    1.06.02.a. Non-tariff barriers in force
    18
    Value:
    1,253,00
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    37,1
    1.06.02.b. New non-tariff barriers 2021
    11
    Value:
    15,00
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    68,3
    1.06.02.c. Percentage of trade affected by non-tariff barrier (up to 2018)
    12
    Value:
    50,79
    Year:
    2018
    Score:
    42,6
    1.07. Trade liberalization
    09
    Value:
    0,00
    Year:
    –
    Score:
    68,1
    1.07.01. Regional Trade Agreements, number in force
    06
    Value:
    20,00
    Year:
    2022
    Score:
    45,5
    1.07.02. Capital account liberalization, Index
    01
    Value:
    2,32
    Year:
    2019
    Score:
    100,0
    1.07.03. Investment Freedom, Index
    13
    Value:
    60,00
    Year:
    2022
    Score:
    61,5
    1.08. Exchange rate stability, parity change from national currency to SDR, 2020/2018
    01
    Value:
    0,01
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    100,0
    1.09. Domestic credit to private sector, % of GDP
    05
    Value:
    164,78
    Year:
    2020
    Score:
    61,2
    1.10. Foreign trade and payments risk
    06
    Value:
    0,00
    Year:
    –
    Score:
    83,0
    1.10.01. Country credit rating
    08
    Value:
    70,00
    Year:
    2022
    Score:
    89,4
    1.10.02. Gross debt, % GDP
    13
    Value:
    49,77
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    81,6
    1.11. Trade costs
    10
    Value:
    0,00
    Year:
    –
    Score:
    74,1
    1.11.01. Logistics performance, index
    09
    Value:
    3,61
    Year:
    2018
    Score:
    77,4
    1.11.02. Corruption perceptions, index
    11
    Value:
    62,00
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    60,0
    1.11.03. Rule of law, index
    10
    Value:
    84,62
    Year:
    2020
    Score:
    83,7
    1.12. Monetary policy intervention
    20
    Value:
    0,00
    Year:
    –
    Score:
    30,6
    1.12.01. Current account balance, % GDP
    24
    Value:
    4,91
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    35,2
    1.12.02. Total reserves (includes gold)1 year change, % GDP
    10
    Value:
    -1,31
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    48,0
    1.13. Export concentration
    14
    Value:
    0,00
    Year:
    –
    Score:
    52,6
    1.13.01. Export market concentration, Top 5 as % total
    17
    Value:
    60,71
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    55,8
    1.13.02. Export product concentration, Top 5 as % total
    15
    Value:
    61,34
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    58,0
    1.14. Exports of goods and services
    07
    Value:
    0,00
    Year:
    –
    Score:
    45,6
    1.14.01. Merchandise exports, US$
    05
    Value:
    644,400,00
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    69,6
    1.14.02. Commercial services exports, US$
    07
    Value:
    120,420,00
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    16,1
    1.15. Technological innovation
    01
    Value:
    0,00
    Year:
    –
    Score:
    100,0
    1.15.01. R&D expenditure, % GDP
    01
    Value:
    4,81
    Year:
    2020
    Score:
    100,0
    1.15.02. Researchers in R&D, per capita
    01
    Value:
    8,71
    Year:
    2020
    Score:
    100,0
    1.15.03. Patent applications, per million inhabitants
    01
    Value:
    5,033,00
    Year:
    2020
    Score:
    100,0
    1.15.04. High-technology exports, % of manufactured exports
    06
    Value:
    35,71
    Year:
    2020
    Score:
    50,4
    1.15.05. Scientific articles, per million people
    07
    Value:
    1,399,94
    Year:
    2020
    Score:
    59,0
    1.16. Technological infrastructure
    02
    Value:
    0,00
    Year:
    –
    Score:
    85,3
    1.16.01. Fixed internet speed, Mbps
    04
    Value:
    145,11
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    74,9
    1.16.02. Internet users, % population
    02
    Value:
    96,51
    Year:
    2020
    Score:
    99,5
    1.16.03. Fixed broadband subscriptions
    01
    Value:
    43,55
    Year:
    2020
    Score:
    100,0
    1.16.04. Mobile subscriptions (per 100 people)
    09
    Value:
    137,54
    Year:
    2020
    Score:
    36,8
    Rank
    Value
    Year
    Score
    1.01
    Consumer price inflation
    12
    2,50
    2021
    69,9
    1.02
    Real GDP Growth per capita, % GDP
    14
    4,22
    2021
    90,7
    1.03
    Growth in labor force, %
    20
    0,46
    2021
    16,5
    1.04
    Foreign direct investment, net inflows, % GDP
    26
    0,56
    2020
    11,6
    1.05
    Gross fixed capital formation, % GDP
    04
    31,11
    2020
    72,6
    1.06
    Tariff & non-tariff barriers
    14
    0,00
    –
    52,1
    1.06.01
    Tariff barriers
    15
    0,00
    –
    62,9
    1.06.01.a
    Tariff barriers in force
    12
    294,00
    2021
    33,2
    1.06.01.b
    New tariff barriers 2021
    01
    0,00
    2021
    100,0
    1.06.01.c
    Percentage of trade affected by tariff barrier (up to 2018)
    17
    17,04
    2018
    67,2
    1.06.02
    Non-tariff barriers
    17
    0,00
    –
    49,4
    1.06.02.a
    Non-tariff barriers in force
    18
    1,253,00
    2021
    37,1
    1.06.02.b
    New non-tariff barriers 2021
    11
    15,00
    2021
    68,3
    1.06.02.c
    Percentage of trade affected by non-tariff barrier (up to 2018)
    12
    50,79
    2018
    42,6
    1.07
    Trade liberalization
    09
    0,00
    –
    68,1
    1.07.01
    Regional Trade Agreements, number in force
    06
    20,00
    2022
    45,5
    1.07.02
    Capital account liberalization, Index
    01
    2,32
    2019
    100,0
    1.07.03
    Investment Freedom, Index
    13
    60,00
    2022
    61,5
    1.08
    Exchange rate stability, parity change from national currency to SDR, 2020/2018
    01
    0,01
    2021
    100,0
    1.09
    Domestic credit to private sector, % of GDP
    05
    164,78
    2020
    61,2
    1.10
    Foreign trade and payments risk
    06
    0,00
    –
    83,0
    1.10.01
    Country credit rating
    08
    70,00
    2022
    89,4
    1.10.02
    Gross debt, % GDP
    13
    49,77
    2021
    81,6
    1.11
    Trade costs
    10
    0,00
    –
    74,1
    1.11.01
    Logistics performance, index
    09
    3,61
    2018
    77,4
    1.11.02
    Corruption perceptions, index
    11
    62,00
    2021
    60,0
    1.11.03
    Rule of law, index
    10
    84,62
    2020
    83,7
    1.12
    Monetary policy intervention
    20
    0,00
    –
    30,6
    1.12.01
    Current account balance, % GDP
    24
    4,91
    2021
    35,2
    1.12.02
    Total reserves (includes gold)1 year change, % GDP
    10
    -1,31
    2021
    48,0
    1.13
    Export concentration
    14
    0,00
    –
    52,6
    1.13.01
    Export market concentration, Top 5 as % total
    17
    60,71
    2021
    55,8
    1.13.02
    Export product concentration, Top 5 as % total
    15
    61,34
    2021
    58,0
    1.14
    Exports of goods and services
    07
    0,00
    –
    45,6
    1.14.01
    Merchandise exports, US$
    05
    644,400,00
    2021
    69,6
    1.14.02
    Commercial services exports, US$
    07
    120,420,00
    2021
    16,1
    1.15
    Technological innovation
    01
    0,00
    –
    100,0
    1.15.01
    R&D expenditure, % GDP
    01
    4,81
    2020
    100,0
    1.15.02
    Researchers in R&D, per capita
    01
    8,71
    2020
    100,0
    1.15.03
    Patent applications, per million inhabitants
    01
    5,033,00
    2020
    100,0
    1.15.04
    High-technology exports, % of manufactured exports
    06
    35,71
    2020
    50,4
    1.15.05
    Scientific articles, per million people
    07
    1,399,94
    2020
    59,0
    1.16
    Technological infrastructure
    02
    0,00
    –
    85,3
    1.16.01
    Fixed internet speed, Mbps
    04
    145,11
    2021
    74,9
    1.16.02
    Internet users, % population
    02
    96,51
    2020
    99,5
    1.16.03
    Fixed broadband subscriptions
    01
    43,55
    2020
    100,0
    1.16.04
    Mobile subscriptions (per 100 people)
    09
    137,54
    2020
    36,8
    Indicator
    Rank
    2.01. Inequality (Gini coefficient)
    00
    Value:
    0,00
    Year:
    –
    Score:
    0,0
    2.02. Educational attainment
    05
    Value:
    0,00
    Year:
    –
    Score:
    67,3
    2.02.01. Mean years of schooling
    09
    Value:
    12,21
    Year:
    2019
    Score:
    86,3
    2.02.02. University education Index
    11
    Value:
    17,59
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    13,7
    2.02.03. Tertiary enrollment
    02
    Value:
    98,45
    Year:
    2019
    Score:
    84,6
    2.03. Labor standards
    07
    Value:
    0,00
    Year:
    –
    Score:
    91,2
    2.03.01. Gender non-discrimination in hiring
    01
    Value:
    100,00
    Year:
    2022
    Score:
    100,0
    2.03.02. Freedom of association and assembly
    07
    Value:
    0,74
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    82,5
    2.04. Political stability and absence of violence
    09
    Value:
    62,74
    Year:
    2020
    Score:
    62,2
    2.05. Goods produced by forced labor or child labor
    09
    Value:
    0,00
    Year:
    –
    Score:
    95,5
    2.05.01. Goods produced by forced labor
    09
    Value:
    0,00
    Year:
    –
    Score:
    92,9
    2.05.01.a. Goods produced by forced labor, number of goods categories
    01
    Value:
    0,00
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    100,0
    2.05.01.b. % population in forced labor
    09
    Value:
    1,95
    Year:
    2018
    Score:
    89,9
    2.05.02. Goods produced by child labor, number of goods categories
    01
    Value:
    0,00
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    100,0
    2.06. Government response to human trafficking
    24
    Value:
    0,00
    Year:
    –
    Score:
    18,6
    2.06.01. Government response to human trafficking, Criminalization
    26
    Value:
    3,00
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    20,0
    2.06.02. Government response to human trafficking, Strategy
    24
    Value:
    27,62
    Year:
    2018
    Score:
    17,0
    2.06.03. Government response to human trafficking, Action
    09
    Value:
    2,00
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    66,7
    2.07. Trade in goods at risk of modern slavery
    23
    Value:
    0,00
    Year:
    –
    Score:
    27,4
    2.07.01. Imports of goods at risk of modern slavery, US$ millions
    24
    Value:
    15,327,53
    Year:
    2020
    Score:
    18,6
    2.07.02. Exports of goods at risk of modern slavery, US$ millions
    18
    Value:
    941,86
    Year:
    2020
    Score:
    47,8
    2.08. Social mobility, Index
    07
    Value:
    71,40
    Year:
    2020
    Score:
    88,1
    2.09. Life expectancy at birth
    04
    Value:
    83,70
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    91,0
    Rank
    Value
    Year
    Score
    2.01
    Inequality (Gini coefficient)
    00
    0,00
    –
    0,0
    2.02
    Educational attainment
    05
    0,00
    –
    67,3
    2.02.01
    Mean years of schooling
    09
    12,21
    2019
    86,3
    2.02.02
    University education Index
    11
    17,59
    2021
    13,7
    2.02.03
    Tertiary enrollment
    02
    98,45
    2019
    84,6
    2.03
    Labor standards
    07
    0,00
    –
    91,2
    2.03.01
    Gender non-discrimination in hiring
    01
    100,00
    2022
    100,0
    2.03.02
    Freedom of association and assembly
    07
    0,74
    2021
    82,5
    2.04
    Political stability and absence of violence
    09
    62,74
    2020
    62,2
    2.05
    Goods produced by forced labor or child labor
    09
    0,00
    –
    95,5
    2.05.01
    Goods produced by forced labor
    09
    0,00
    –
    92,9
    2.05.01.a
    Goods produced by forced labor, number of goods categories
    01
    0,00
    2021
    100,0
    2.05.01.b
    % population in forced labor
    09
    1,95
    2018
    89,9
    2.05.02
    Goods produced by child labor, number of goods categories
    01
    0,00
    2021
    100,0
    2.06
    Government response to human trafficking
    24
    0,00
    –
    18,6
    2.06.01
    Government response to human trafficking, Criminalization
    26
    3,00
    2021
    20,0
    2.06.02
    Government response to human trafficking, Strategy
    24
    27,62
    2018
    17,0
    2.06.03
    Government response to human trafficking, Action
    09
    2,00
    2021
    66,7
    2.07
    Trade in goods at risk of modern slavery
    23
    0,00
    –
    27,4
    2.07.01
    Imports of goods at risk of modern slavery, US$ millions
    24
    15,327,53
    2020
    18,6
    2.07.02
    Exports of goods at risk of modern slavery, US$ millions
    18
    941,86
    2020
    47,8
    2.08
    Social mobility, Index
    07
    71,40
    2020
    88,1
    2.09
    Life expectancy at birth
    04
    83,70
    2021
    91,0
    Indicator
    Rank
    3.01. Air pollution
    24
    Value:
    27,45
    Year:
    2019
    Score:
    72,3
    3.02. Deforestation
    19
    Value:
    0,00
    Year:
    2020
    Score:
    17,4
    3.03. % of wastewater treated
    02
    Value:
    99,53
    Year:
    2020
    Score:
    99,5
    3.04. Energy intensity
    13
    Value:
    110,17
    Year:
    2019
    Score:
    69,2
    3.05. Ecological footprint
    25
    Value:
    6,32
    Year:
    2018
    Score:
    24,6
    3.06. Renewable energy
    25
    Value:
    2,00
    Year:
    2019
    Score:
    3,4
    3.07. Environmental standards in trade
    17
    Value:
    0,00
    Year:
    –
    Score:
    50,0
    3.07.01. Convention: Hazardous Wastes
    01
    Value:
    2,00
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    100,0
    3.07.02. Convention: Prevention of Marine Pollution
    01
    Value:
    2,00
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    100,0
    3.07.03. Convention: Protection of the Ozone Layer (Vienna)
    01
    Value:
    2,00
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    100,0
    3.07.04. Convention on Climate Change (Kyoto)
    01
    Value:
    2,00
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    100,0
    3.07.05. The International Timber Agreement
    20
    Value:
    0,00
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    0,0
    3.07.06. Convention: International Trade in Endangered Species
    23
    Value:
    0,00
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    0,0
    3.07.07. Convention: Prior Informed Consent – Hazardous Chemicals (Rotterdam)
    01
    Value:
    2,00
    Year:
    2021
    Score:
    100,0
    3.08. Transfer emissions
    06
    Value:
    -13,48
    Year:
    2019
    Score:
    24,9
    3.09. Share of natural resources in trade
    13
    Value:
    7,45
    Year:
    2020
    Score:
    82,9
    3.10. Carbon
    09
    Value:
    0,00
    Year:
    –
    Score:
    70,3
    3.10.1. Carbon pricing
    01
    Value:
    2,00
    Year:
    2022
    Score:
    100,0
    3.10.2. CO2 emissions per capita
    26
    Value:
    12,70
    Year:
    2019
    Score:
    27,2
    Rank
    Value
    Year
    Score
    3.01
    Air pollution
    24
    27,45
    2019
    72,3
    3.02
    Deforestation
    19
    0,00
    2020
    17,4
    3.03
    % of wastewater treated
    02
    99,53
    2020
    99,5
    3.04
    Energy intensity
    13
    110,17
    2019
    69,2
    3.05
    Ecological footprint
    25
    6,32
    2018
    24,6
    3.06
    Renewable energy
    25
    2,00
    2019
    3,4
    3.07
    Environmental standards in trade
    17
    0,00
    –
    50,0
    3.07.01
    Convention: Hazardous Wastes
    01
    2,00
    2021
    100,0
    3.07.02
    Convention: Prevention of Marine Pollution
    01
    2,00
    2021
    100,0
    3.07.03
    Convention: Protection of the Ozone Layer (Vienna)
    01
    2,00
    2021
    100,0
    3.07.04
    Convention on Climate Change (Kyoto)
    01
    2,00
    2021
    100,0
    3.07.05
    The International Timber Agreement
    20
    0,00
    2021
    0,0
    3.07.06
    Convention: International Trade in Endangered Species
    23
    0,00
    2021
    0,0
    3.07.07
    Convention: Prior Informed Consent – Hazardous Chemicals (Rotterdam)
    01
    2,00
    2021
    100,0
    3.08
    Transfer emissions
    06
    -13,48
    2019
    24,9
    3.09
    Share of natural resources in trade
    13
    7,45
    2020
    82,9
    3.10
    Carbon
    09
    0,00
    –
    70,3
    3.10.1
    Carbon pricing
    01
    2,00
    2022
    100,0
    3.10.2
    CO2 emissions per capita
    26
    12,70
    2019
    27,2