a) A stock-picking strategy of looking for loss-making companies that are undervalued by the market.
b) The tendency to empathize more with people who are suffering misfortune.
c) The tendency to be affected more strongly by negative events than positive ones.
Answer: (c). Negativity bias is a strong human tendency. Typically, it takes four positive experiences to equal the impact we feel from a single negative one. Critical (corrective) feedback, for example, has a much greater impact on most of us than reinforcing (positive) feedback.
a) By using the ‘sandwich model’ – give reinforcing feedback first, then corrective, then reinforcing again.
b) By giving it immediately after reinforcing feedback.
c) By putting space between reinforcing and corrective feedback.
Answer: (c). Putting space between reinforcing and corrective messages is the most effective way to give feedback. The sandwich model tends to be ineffective because, rather than properly taking in the reinforcing feedback, your mind is anticipating the negative message you know is coming next. The model is designed to help people ‘swallow’ corrective feedback, but negativity bias means it lands with four times the intended impact.
a) Through physical exercise.
b) By talking to someone.
c) By switching your focus through gratitude.
Answer: All of the above. Exercise can interrupt the cycle of negative emotions during moments of heightened stress by moderating cortisol levels, so go for a run or a brisk walk (or just stand up against the wall and stretch) to release pent-up energy and change your mindset. And talking to someone you trust to get another perspective will help you see if you’re being too negative – but make sure it’s someone who’s not in the same situation as you, otherwise you end up reinforcing each other’s gloom and doom! Finally, building the simple habit of gratitude not only lessens the strength of negativity bias but contributes to better mental health and well-being generally.
Like all cognitive biases, negativity bias is automatic and pre-conscious. When you know how it works, you can consciously remind yourself what’s going on in your brain and override it.
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